Showing posts with label post mastectomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label post mastectomy. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 11, 2012

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Pictures of Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Management Of Neuropathic Pain - Touch Briefings PLC
Pain and post-mastectomy neuropathic pain, whereas several others failed to demonstrate efficacy for spinal-cord injury pain, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) neuropathy and phantom limb pain. Unfortunately, TCAs are associated with numerous adverse events and are ... Return Doc

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

POST BREAST THERAPY POST BREAST THERAPY PAIN SYNDROME
PBTPS can be defined as persistent neuropathic pain, and is often associated with symptoms shoulder of the surgical side. The old term, Post-Mastectomy (after breast amputation) Syndrome, is not sufficiently descriptive with breast-preserving therapy. Recent research ... Return Doc

Chronic Postoperative Pain -- Chronic Postoperative Pain ...
Nerve Blocks may be required in some cases of neuropathic postoperative pain where other methods have failed. Scott NW et al. Long-term Follow-up of Breast Cancer Survivors with Post-mastectomy Pain Syndrome. British Journal of Cancer. 2005 January 31; 92(2): 225–230. ... Read Article

Pictures of Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

The Oral Pharmacotherapy Of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
(mastectomy, thoracotomy, post ACB) of neuropathic pain (steady pain, shocks, allodynia) except the shocks of trigeminal neuralgia gabapentin ... View Doc

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Images

Cancer Pain Management 101 - Virginia Commonwealth University
Phantom limb pain s/p amputation Post-mastectomy syndrome – neuropathic pain in posterior arm, axilla and anterior chest wall – due to the interruption of the intercostal brachial nerve (cutaneous sensory branch of T1-2) ... Read More

Brians Cough & Voice Loss What Causes It? Cancer Chemo ...
Click TN Slide Show Story Pain http://www.NewMedicalDirectories.com/Trigeminal-Neuralgia-Slide-Show/Draft.html Brian, I had a radical mastectomy in Feb. It's now April. This terrible cough and mucus began. Sign In or Sign Up now to post a comment! ... View Video

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Photos

Neuropathic pain: Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms ...
Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment levetiracetam in patients with post-mastectomy pain or spinal cord injury pain.75,76 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are not included in treatment ... Document Viewer

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Images

Risk And Prevention Of Persistent Neuropathic Post-Surgical ...
Persistent Neuropathic Post-Surgical andP td Post-TPiTrauma Pain Chris Pasero, MS, RN-BC, FAAN El Dorado Hills, California Persistent Post-trauma Pain mastectomy breast pain. Pain 36:327-334. Lame IE, Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, et al. (2005). ... Get Document

Photos of Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Mexiletine As An Adjuvant Analgesic For The Management Of ...
Neuropathic Cancer Pain Carpenter JS, Androykowski MA, Sloan PA, et al. Post-mastectomy/lumpectomy pain in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:1285–92. 7. Billings JA. Palliative medicine update: neuropathic pain. J Pal- ... Get Content Here

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Presentazione Di PowerPoint - Home: Università Degli Studi ...
IASP defines neuropathic pain as “pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system” that disrupts impulse transmission and modulation of sensory input. Long-term follow-up of breast cancer survivors with post-mastectomy pain syndrome.Macdonald L, ... Read Here

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Images

Chapter 13 Persistent Pain In Breast Cancer - NCI
Measures can inevitably produce a painful syndrome, such as post-mastectomy pain, post-irradiation neuralgia, and some forms of aseptic bone necrosis from as neuropathic pain. They were claimed also to potentiate morphine analgesia. The ... Visit Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Pictures

WIDENING OUR TREATMENT OPTIONS: UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF ...
Comprehensive cover of the pain patterns seen in patients suffering from post mastectomy pain. Neuropathic and central patterns seem to be more often diagnosed and described when PMP is discussed. (Stevens 1995: Gottrup 2000; Jung 2003) ... Read Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Photos

An Update On Neuropathic Pain - Touch Briefings PLC
Neuropathic pain, the diagnosis of NP is likely when they are present. Diagnosis of Neuropathic Pain Herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia Post-mastectomy pain, post-thoracotomy pain, painful scars Phantom pain, stump pain ... Access This Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Pictures

Getting A Grip On neuropathic pain
May be experiencing neuropathic pain. This is a type of pain that’s caused not by musculoskeletal damage, but by damage to a nerve, post-mastectomy pain syndrome, postthoracotomy pain syn-drome, phantom limb pain, and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Here’s a review of ... Read Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Images

PIDURAL NJECTIONS FOR EUROPATHIC AIN
Neuropathic pain, the Institute of Health Economics was recruited to assist in gathering and such as post-mastectomy pain. Patients with visceral pain, migraine, headache, fibromyalgia, or ischemic pain were excluded. Studies ... Read Content

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

neuropathic Tables And Glossary - American Medical Association
• Post-surgical (ie, post-mastectomy pain or post-thoracotomy pain) • Idiopathic sensory • Nerve compression, including tumor infiltration • Post-traumatic Central Neuropathic Pain • Compressive myelopathy • HIV myelopathy ... Retrieve Doc

Pictures of Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Exploring The Potential Effect Of Ocimum Sanctum In ...
Post-thoracotomy, post-herniorrhaphy, post-mastectomy and post-sternotomy are some other conditions often associated with peripheral neuropathy pain [4]. neuropathic pain in sciatic nerve transection model [12]. Ocimum sanctum isarichsourceofanumberof ... Fetch Doc

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Understanding Chronic Post Surgical Pain: An International ...
Post-mastectomypainsyndrome(PMPS)mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) Post-axillary dissection pain Intercostobrachial nerve entrapment syndrome (INES) • Neuropathic pain:arises after injury to nerves ~ intraoperative nerve trauma from cautery, dissection etc. ... Fetch Content

Anticonvulsants - Anticonvulsants For Chronic Pain
They have been most effective in treating neuropathic pain such as trigeminal neuralgia and migraines. You might be surprised to hear your doctor prescribe a seizure medication for your chronic pain, ... Read Article

Montel Williams - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Williams has openly stated that he uses medical cannabis, stating it helps to ease his Multiple Sclerosis-caused neuropathic pain. Williams has become a vocal advocate of cannabis, supporting efforts to pass medical cannabis laws in states, as well as calling for full legalization. ... Read Article

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Cancer pain Management - NCI
• Post-mastectomy pain (neuropathic) • Search for bone metastases in case of unexplained bony pain • Radiotherapy (multidisciplinary pain approach) is a very important tool esp. for bone metastases • Stick to WHO ladder for analgesic use ... Get Doc

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

DUR REGON OARD EWSLETTER
Neuropathic pain mechanisms are associated with poor opioid responses and resemble opioid tolerance. (4) Receptors may change phenotype in association with neuropathic pain. post-mastectomy pain have been inconsistent (6). ... View Document

Chronic Pain Symptoms And Diagnosis
Neuropathic Pain; Psychogenic Pain; Idiopathic Pain; Types of Chronic Pain. Chronic pain can be caused by disease, injury or psychological disorder. Post-Mastectomy Pain; Unusual Types of Chronic Pain. Not all cases of chronic pain are limited to the back and joints. ... Read Article

Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy Pictures

Curriculum Prepared By Leanne M. Yanni, MD What Is The Role ...
Neuropathic pain is defined as: "pain caused by a lesion of the peripheral or central nervous system (or both) manifesting (PHN), central post-stroke pain, and post-mastectomy pain.6, 7 Amitriptyline and cyclobenzaprine have been effective for . fibromyalgia.8, 9 Though not strong, ... Visit Document

Images of Neuropathic Pain Post Mastectomy

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Of The Thoracic Paravertebral ...
Persistent post surgical pain is reported in 70% of patients following thoracotomy and mastectomy. This pain is often neuropathic in nature and occasionally it is refractory to ... Content Retrieval

Tuesday, January 10, 2012

Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Images of Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Evaluation Of Functional Recovery And Pain Progress In ...
Neuropathic pain, which overrides the nociceptive pain, should also be considered. In fact, it should not be forgotten that knee characteristics in knee replacement post-op pain and the consequent introduction of antineuropathic drugs into the ... Retrieve Content

Images of Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Pain Assessment - Victorian Perioperative Nurses Group (VPNG)
Nociceptors are pain sensors and can be divided into 3 groups being superficial somatic, deep somatic and visceral Neuropathic pain is related to nerve damage either by division, sleep disturbance and the burden of illness affect the level of pain * In post op pain, ... Read Content

Neuropathic Pain Post Op

ATTACHMENT D: ABSTRACTS: SAFETY
Neuropathic pain Nerve root palsy/injury 1 2.6% Residual paresthesias, shoulder Transient paresis Muscle weakness Dural lesion/violation Radiculopathy Operative/Post-op Neurological: Upper extremity numbness/pain Neuropathic pain Nerve root palsy/injury Residual paresthesias, shoulder ... Fetch Document

Chronic Postoperative Pain -- Types Of Chronic Postoperative Pain
Post-mastectomy pain is so common in women (it's present in anywhere from 20% to 68% of women who have undergone a mastectomy) that there is a syndrome named for it: post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS). Types of Neuropathic Pain ... Read Article

Opioid Sparing Anesthesia Dr Rutledge's Presentation IFSO Pa ...
That's an intriguing combination - what about the studies of increased incidence of post-op hyperalgesia with remifentanyl infusions? 2:59 Cannabis-opioids and neuropathic pain by Neuropathyinfo4u 1,200 views; 2:51 Orthopaedics vs Anaesthesia, ... View Video

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Pictures

Deep Brain Stimulation For The Alleviation Of post Stroke ...
Pre-op VAS Post-op VAS % reduction SD P value 9.7 6.7 31 7.3 7.3 0 Cortical 8.2 1.9 77 6.7 4.8 28 10 4 60 Mean 8.4 4.9 42 2.7 0.023 Stimulation For Post Stroke Neuropathic Pain.Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2002;9(5):557-61. 6. Young RF, Bach FW, Van Norman AS, Yakash TL. ... Return Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Post-mastectomy Pain Syndrome-Introduction
With all persistent post-surgical neuropathic pain syndromes. Hence, it is assumed that the relief of severe acute pain may reduce the risk of chronic pain. [16] Pre-operative breast pain correlated with increased phantom breast sensation and phantom ... Retrieve Here

Rationale For Use (Part 4 Of 5) - YouTube
5:32 Watch Later Error Categories of Pain - Neuropathic vs. Nociceptive by clinicalfeedback 3,125 views; 2:44 Watch Later Error CABG / Post-Op Recovery by kaynechu 1,217 views; 3:02 Watch Later Error Coping With Panic Attacks and Anxiety by RottweilerPolitics 7,610 views; ... View Video

Spinal Disc Herniation - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Pain medications are often prescribed as the first attempt to alleviate the acute pain and allow the patient to begin exercising and stretching. There are a variety of other non-surgical methods used in attempts to relieve the condition after it has occurred, ... Read Article

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Pictures

Neuromuscular pain Clinical Assessment And Therapeutic Management
Neuropathic Pain • Per-operative • Post-op lesion (fibrosis) 53 cases ... Fetch This Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Managing Post-Op Pain A Multimodal Approach
Managing Post-Op Pain A Multimodal Approach Lois J. Pizzi BSN, RN-BC UPMC Shadyside pizzilj@upmc.edu 2 Objectives Neuropathic abnormal processing of sensory input by the peripheral or central nervous system Centrally activated - phantom pain, RSD ... Doc Viewer

Photos of Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Chronic_Neuropathic_Pain-Slides_Pierce-Smith.ppt
Neuropathic pain may result from the concatenation of a number of mechanisms: eg, sodium-channel accumulation, redistribution, and altered expression; increased (beware prolonged recovery) Post-op: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/hr (?duration) Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. Ketamine for Perioperative ... Read More

Photos of Neuropathic Pain Post Op

PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF LIDOCAINE IN A CHRONIC ...
IN A CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL Leonardo M. Batista, Igor M. Batista, João P. Almeida, Carlos H. Carvalho, until the post-op day 28 with a marked decrease at day 14 (Fig 2). They showed median scratching times of 26 and 11 ... Fetch Doc

Imipramine - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Anti-anxiety disorders, nocturnal enuresis.some also use it for chronic neuropathic pain. History. Imipramine was, In 30% op all patients he reported 'optimal results and in ADHD, and post concussive syndrome. Imipramine has additional indications for the treatment of panic ... Read Article

Pictures of Neuropathic Pain Post Op

How Is Pain Defined? - American Academy Of Physician ...
Neuropathic low-back pain Post-Op Pain Arthritis Sports injury Mechanical low-back pain Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Lancet. 1999;353:1959 -1964. Marcus DA. Am FamPhysician. 2000;61:1331-1338, 1345-1346. Maizels M, McCarberg B. Am FamPhysician. 2005;71:483 -490. ... View This Document

Pictures of Neuropathic Pain Post Op

Post-Op Pain Management In Specific Patient Populations
Post-Op Pain management in Specific Patient Populations by Dr. William Crowley, SAMC Anesthesiologist Neuropathic pain has long been considered to be very difficult to treat. However, new research has brought a possible understanding of neuropathic pain. ... Read Full Source

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Images

Pain Management For Amputees - .:: GEOCITIES.ws ::.
Pain Management for Amputees Dr Craig Davenport Rehabilitation Registrar Liverpool Hospital 19th August 2005 Pain in the Amputee Pre-operative pain – ischaemic, infection, trauma Early Post-op pain – somatic vs neuropathic, stump vs phantom limb Late post-op pain – stump vs phantom limb ... Access Doc

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Photos

PowerPoint Presentation
Assessment and management of refractory post-op pain r.hewko md frcpc significance patient persistant distress consequences differential diagnosis evolving process narcotic dependancy narcotic tolerance “low pain tolerance” neuropathic pain malingering evolving process at ... Return Doc

Dr. Darrow Uses Prolotherapy To Ease TMJ Pain - YouTube
7:08 Watch Later Error Orofacial Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms by mjehenson 3,163 views; 9:54 Watch Later Error 11 Weeks Post-Op: Bilateral TMJ Total Joint Replacement Surgery by abbystmjjourney 1,054 views; ... View Video

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Images

Kumar - Chronic post Surgical pain
• Mostly neuropathic pain • Surgery because of painful condition • Sometimes inappropriate (IBS etc) • Blame surgery severe acute post‐op pain • LAP v TAPP? • Is treatment of an aysmptomatic hernia ... Retrieve Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Photos

NEUROPATHIC PAIN
NEUROPATHIC PAIN CJ Cullinan RN BSN CRRN MHSA Craig Rehabilitation Hospital Englewood CO cjcullinan@msn.com 2 Conditions with NP plus 5 days post-op ... Return Document

Neuropathic Pain Post Op Images

Safety Of IV Lidocaine Infusions For Treatment Of Neuropathic ...
For Treatment of Neuropathic Painfor Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Adam Samosh, Meds III 2011 Interdisciplinary Pain Program Schulich School of Medicine, Ui it fW t Ot i L d C dUniversity of Western Ontario, London, Canada. systemic lidocaine for relief of post-op pain ... Access This Document

Friday, December 16, 2011

Neuropathic Pain Recovery

Pictures of Neuropathic Pain Recovery

Early Diagnosis Of Peripheral Nervous System Involvement In ...
Neuropathic pain: the report of an expert panel Alessandro P Burlina1*, Katherine B Sims2, Juan M Politei3, Gary J Bennett4, Ralf Baron5, Claudia Sommer6, recovery but rather degeneration of nerve fibers and the sensory neuropathy may progress to numbness and hypoalgesia. ... Doc Viewer

Group C Nerve Fiber - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Currently, recovery of distal C fiber function takes months and may still only regain incomplete function. Neuropathic pain syndromes are caused by lesions or diseases of the parts of the nervous system that normally signal pain. ... Read Article

Neuropathic Pain Recovery

Management Of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain B USINESS BRIEFING: EMERGENCY MEDICINE REVIEW 2005 1 Diabetes remains the most common cause of Natural history Symptoms may persist Complete recovery within 12 intermittently for years; months ... Return Document

Images of Neuropathic Pain Recovery

A Treatment Option For Post-Injection Sciatic Neuropathy ...
Tion and achieved a complete recovery for neuropathic pain symptoms, sensorial and motor functions during 3- month follow-up. Patients reported on-going recovery from the symptoms at regular visits with 3-month inter-vals. ... Access This Document

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Pictures

Chronic pain And Sensorimotor Deficits Following Peripheral ...
Revealed incomplete sensorimotor peripheral recovery based on abnormal sensory and motor latency and amplitude measures in transected nerves. neuropathic pain to show more severe sensory and motor abnor-malities than patients without pain. 2. Methods 2.1. ... Access This Document

Post Mastectomy Pain -- What Causes Chronic Post Mastectomy ...
Post-mastectomy pain is often neuropathic, meaning it is usually caused by nerve damage. Most researchers assume post-mastectomy pain is caused by damage to the nerves in the breast and underarm area, or the development of a neuroma (an abnormal nerve tissue growth) . ... Read Article

Complex Regional pain Syndrome - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Early recognition and prompt treatment provide the greatest opportunity for recovery. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) lists the diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I) (RSDS) as follows: ... Read Article

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Pictures

Dietary Agmatine - Alleviating pain And Improving Health ...
Dietary agmatine - alleviating pain and improving health-related quality of life in neuropathy 16 August 2010 @ 02:06 pm EDT Recent clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of the novel dietaryingredient agmatine in accelerating neuropathic pain recovery and ... Access Content

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Photos

Pain Management For The Non-Pain Specialist
Neuropathic pain may result from a wide spectrum of insults to the peripheral or central nervous system. This recovery process may be associated with a traveling Tinel’s sign as the tip proceeds toward the target. ... Visit Document

Chronic Pain Definition - Back Pain And Neck Pain - Back Pain ...
Definition of chronic pain. Chronic Pain. By Anne Asher, About.com Guide. Updated March 27, 2005. About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board ... Read Article

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Photos

-Cycloserine Reduces neuropathic pain Behavior Through Limbic ...
D-Cycloserine reduces neuropathic pain behavior through limbic NMDA-mediated circuitry q Magali Millecamps, Maria V. Centeno, Hector H. Berra, Charles N. Rudick, Simona Lavarello, Tatiana Tkatch, A. Vania Apkarian * after recovery from surgery. 2.5. ... Retrieve Content

Definition Of A Spinal Cord Injury - YouTube
4:04 Watch Later Error Spinal Cord Injury Treatment - Project Walk Spinal Cord Injury Recovery by SpinalcordinjuryPW 3,937 views; 1:45 Watch Later Error Neuropathic Pain After a Spinal Cord Injury by FacingDisability 155 views; ... View Video

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Images

Volume 5; Number 4 February 2011 - NHS Lincolnshire
In the immediate recovery period after MI Acute porphyria Neuropathic Pain (including painful diabetic neuropathies): Second Line Treatment NICE Recommendations Neuropathic Pain (including painful diabetic neuropathies): Fourth-line treatment ... Fetch Doc

Neuropathic Pain Recovery

Common Animal Models For Spasticity And pain
The Center of Excellen ce in Functional Recovery in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL; neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sci-atic nerve injury. Pain 1990;43:205–18. 95. Shir Y, Seltzer Z. ... Retrieve Content

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Photos

Neuropathic Pain And Paresthesias - The Transverse Myelitis ...
Neuropathic Pain and Paresthesias Denise I. Campagnolo M.D., M.S. Director of Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Barrow Neurology Clinic Phoenix , Arizona • Slows recovery rate of voltage-activated Na+ channels, limiting repetitive firing ... Fetch Doc

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Images

Clinical Practice Guidelines For Chronic neuropathic pain In ...
Of motor, sexual or visceral recovery [2]. Chronic neuropathic pain is a major factor in socioprofessional exclusion and is a source of distress and depression; its diagnosis and treatment thus represents one of today’s major issues in the management ... Doc Retrieval

Neuropathic Pain Recovery

Case Study: Management Of Post- Parotidectomy Neuropathic ...
Neuropathic pain, and for each patient, they are present to a variable degree.2 The first symptom is allodynia, the unusual perception of the recovery was followed by an awareness of hyperesthesia to clothing involving the right trapezius and parascapular region. ... Fetch Document

Neurapraxia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Neuropathic pain is an indication that the lesion of the nerve is still in progress. However, the prognosis for recovery from neurapraxia is efficient and quick. Recovery begins within two to three weeks after the injury occurs, ... Read Article

Meralgia Paresthetica - Pinched Nerve In Thigh
Meralgia paresthetica is a condition that can cause burning pain over the front and outside of the thigh. There is a nerve that passes just over the brim of the pelvis and down the outside of the thigh. This nerve, called the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, supplies the brain with ... Read Article

Images of Neuropathic Pain Recovery

The Value Of MR Neurography For Evaluating Extraspinal ...
Extraspinal Neuropathic Leg Pain: A Pictorial Essay Kevin R. Moore, Jay S. Tsuruda, and Andrew T. Dailey FIG 1. Section orientation and coverage. sion recovery sequences, which included coronal, oblique sagittal, and/or axial views. ... Access Document

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Photos


Neuropathic pain is caused by functional abnormalities of structur-al lesions in the peripheral or central nervous system, and occurs with- mal DRG neurons, showed faster recovery following inactivation.(4) Thus, the repetitive firing of injured ... Read Full Source

Neuropathic Pain Recovery Pictures

ExpandingVistas InNeuropathicPain - SIG Neuropathic Pain Home
Neuropathic pain and is licensed for use in the human condition. The mechanisms involved are unclear but data showing an NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE AND RAPID FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY SARA MARINELLI*, GABRIELE UGOLINI, ANTONINO CATTANEO, FLAMINIA PAVONE ... Access Document

Neuropathic Pain Recovery

Pain Management - US Forest Service - Caring For The Land And ...
Pain Neuropathic Pain Abnormal processing of the impulses either by the peripheral or central nervous system May be caused by the body’s stress response to traumatic injury Causes endocrine and metabolic abnormalities Impedes a patient’s recovery from trauma and surgery Why treat pain? ... Access Content